Industrialization & Technological Change
Under Heavy Construction
P  Indicates Primary Source Materials

Navigation Index
Discoveries
Economics
Industrial Revolution
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution in America
Industrial Revolution in England
Overviews
Inventions/Inventors/Innovations
Innovation
Invention Timelines/invention museums
Inventions That Impacted the West
Advertising
Agriculture/Farming
Cities/Urban Development
Communication
Fashion/Clothing
Fishing/Fisheries
Food/Food Preparation
Health/Medicine/Hygiene/Science
Household
Manufacturing &Production of Goods & Materials
Pastimes/Recreation
Power/Energy
Transportation
Warfare/Guns/Weapons

http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pimage?46349+0+0  1865

The California Gold Rush, 1849
Oil and Mining
Developing the West
Types of Mining

Economic Environment

The Two Countries That Invented The Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrial United States
Overviews
England and the United States
Growth and Transformation
Age of Industry
Summary of the Industrial Revolution
Links
Kid Info
The Industrial Revolution
Massachusetts Studies Project

A Trip to the Past England
Cottage Industry to the Factory
Early American Manufacturing

Samuel Slater
Slater’s Mill
Father of the American Revolution

Old Sturbridge Village - Life in New England before the Industrial Revolution
American's at Work Before the Civil War
Industrial Revolution's Effect on the Civil War 
Power of water in Industrial Revolution - Student Research Project
Writers of the Industrial Revolution



Workers/Working conditions
    The Life of the Industrial Worker in 19th-Century Britain
    How the Other Half Lives
    Dickenson's London
    Wage Slavery - Northern factory workers and the wage statistics in the U.S.
    On the Eve of War - Profiles U.S. economy in 1850 
Holyoke
The Beginnings of Holyoke
Map of Canals & Industries
The Extent and Variety of Manufacturers
Engravings of Holyoke Buildings
Lowell's Southern Connection
Women & Work in the 19th Century - lots of links

 Top Ten Inventions
Invention Quiz
Mothers of Invention Quiz
19th Century Inventions & Technology
Inventions Facts & Myths
19th Century Inventions
Invention & Science
Innovative Inventions
     American Inventors and Inventions
 
  The American Experience | Edison's Miracle of LIght
   Edison After Forty
Thomas Alva Edison 
Thomas Edison
  TELEGRAPH, SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT & RADIO MUSEUMS 
  Tribute to the Telephone Home Page  
Alexander Graham Bell's Path to the Telephone 
Bell Notebooks Project 
Launch Pad for Bell's Path to the Telephone
The American Experience/The Telephone 
  The American Experience | George Eastman: The Wizard of Photography 

Science
Museum of Victorian Science
Lateral Science
  History House: Eugenics Part I: You Can’t Keep a Good Idiot Down 
  History House: Eugenics Part II: License to Breed
 19th Century SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Online 
America's First Statistical Engineer - Census
Science, Technology, & Industry Links
Women in Science & Technology

Technology
Technology Chronology
Innovations Timeline
Technological Innovation Timeline - Post Civil War

Revolution in Time Keeping

Timelines
1800 - 1850
1851 - 1899
Inventors/Inventions of the Industrial Revolution - England and U.S.
Inventors of the Industrial Revolution
Technology Gallery - Profiles the new technologies of the industrial revolution. Includes: cotton gin, steam engine, McCormick Reaper, telegraph, anesthesia, Sharps rifle, &  the sewing machine
Guide to Inventions - Info Please 
Inventors/Inventions Links
Inventions A-Z
Inventors A-Z
African American Inventors
National Inventors Hall of Fame
Female Inventors
Knight's Mechanical Dictionary - 1881 Can access listing of subjects, but cannot download info
Industrial Revolution Inventors Chart
Chemical Engineering Timeline
Food Related Inventions
Obscure Patents and Gadgets
Tasteful Inventions - This may need some sourcing
World Wide Inventions 1800's

Online Museums/Exhibits
Museum of Plastic Artifacts - Sandretto Museum
Early Office Museum

Wild West Tech - Home Page
Wild West Tech - Archived Episode Description
Native American Inventors - First Peoples' Inventions

Armor & Swift Begin Meat Packing - 1875 - 1876
Refrigerator Car Gustavus Swift
Chicago & the Meat Packing Industry - 1890
P  Chicago Meat Packing & Stock Yards Map

Ranching/Farming/Agriculture
Barbed Wire & the Water Pump - scroll down to bottom of page
windmill
History of  Barbed Wire
Barbed Wire
Barbed Wire History
  Barbed Wire Images 
Don't Fence Me In - Table of Contents
Glidden's Patent for Barbed Wire
Devil's Rope Barbed Wire Museum Homepage
 

Communication
telegraph

Mail/Postal Service
The Pony Express
United States starts the Pony Express for mail delivery 1861
Pony Express
Poetry of The Pony Express
American West - Pony Express Information
Pony Express Home Station
History of The Pony Express
Pony Express Map
Audio narration's and dramatizations of the pony express
Mail by Rail

Oil and Mining
Developing the West
Mining and Oil Extraction

Transportation
Frontier Transportation
19th Century Transportation

Railroads of the West
Railroads of the West
P Central Pacific Maps
P Central Pacific Photos
P Central Pacific Photos - Index
Railroads West!

Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Driving the Last Spike
 Completing the Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
TIMELINE: Transcontinental Railroads
History of the Transcontinental Railroad - Readings
Chinese Contribution to the Transcontinental Railroad
horseshoe curve for railroad tracks, designed by J. Edgar Thompson
The Great Train Robbery of 1870, the first train robbery.

Wagons, Stagecoaches
Road Through the Wilderness
prairie schooner
Conestoga wagon
Prairie schooner designed to ford streams, negotiate mountain trails
Prairie Schooners
Wagons
The Concord Coach: Picture
STAGE TRAVEL IN AMERICA
THE OVERLAND STAGE
The Overland Trail: The Concord Coach Page
Crossing the Plains, 1865
The Concord Coach/Wagons
Adventures of Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Art Gallery
Western Stagecoach Travel
Stagecoach in America
Riding The Stage, 1861
Stagecoach Pony Express Stage Coach Pony Express Rider
Mule Skinners and Freight Wagons
Stagecoach Drivers Shotgun Guards

Weapons
Buffalo Hunt, 1846
Samuel Colt
History of the Colt Revolver    revolver,
Samuel Colt and the Revolver
What Is A Revolver?
Colt Breech Loading Revolver
 

Emergence of Advertising in America

Agriculture/Farming
Revolutionary Changes in Agriculture
Early Nineteenth-Century Farm
P Ralph Wheelock's Farm, c. 1822 New England
P Another Farm - 1872 Pennsylvania
Wheat settled the Pacific NW.
Agriculture, Water, and Lumber - Western States
Agricultural Inventors
Norbett Rillieux - Sugar Refining System that revolutionized the making of sugar (1846)
Henry Blair
- Mechanical Seed Planter (1834)
- Mechanical Corn Harvester (1836)
    John Deere
     Improvement In Plows
    Viscount Charles Townshend’s Crop rotation 
    Jethro Tull
    Bio
    seed drill
    Cyrus McCormick
    McCormick Farm
    Cyrus McCormick
Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin   
Eli Whitney  - Bio
Africans in America/Part 3/Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin
Cotton gin petition
The Cotton Press
Charles Ball's narrative: Fifty Years in Chains
Douglas Egerton on cotton
Margaret Washington on the impact of the cotton gin
Eli Whitney's Patent for the Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin
The Eli Whitney Museum


Agricultural Implements
History of Agricultural Tools - From an 1874 issue of Harpers Monthly
Barbed Wire
Barbed Wire History
  Barbed Wire Images 
Don't Fence Me In - Table of Contents
Glidden's Patent for Barbed Wire
Devil's Rope Barbed Wire Museum Homepage
Cotton Gin

The Sewers of Chicago
Early Industrialization in Lowell, Massachusetts
The First Skyscraper  - 1885 Chicago designed by William Le Baron Jenney
Le Baron Jenney  Profile photo & links to the buildings he designed.
Blue Morning 1909 view New York & building of Penn Station
C. B. Brooks - Street Sweeper (1896)
Elevators
1889 First electric elevator installed
Alexander Miles - Elevator (1888)

Water Works New York

Overview/Timelines
    Communication Technology Timeline - from 3500 BC to 1991 - a simple chronology.
    Media History Project - traces man's efforts at communication (verbal, written and  pictorial) through 9 different periods. Just click on any of the time periods to see what happened. There's also a nice chronology with pictures of interesting events.
Timeline of Communication    Communication Timeline 19th Century  
Evolution of Communication - Web Quest
Think Quest History of Reaching Out
Significant Dates in Post Office History
Timeline of Photography
Dates in the History of Cultural Technologies
Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Advertising
Public Relations
adhesive postage stamps.
History of Speaking Machines

Mail/Postal Service
The Pony Express
Mail by Boat
Mail by Rail

Pencils
famous people who have used pencils
why pencils are yellow
Pencil History
J. L. Love - Pencil Sharpener (1897)
Pens
The Fountain Pen

Photographic Images
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce first photographic image 1814
Daguerreotype 1839
Louis DaGuerre’s Daguerrotype
Daguerreotype.
History of Photography
Magic Lantern - Slide Projector - forerunner of the modern slide projector
Sir John Frederick William Herschel Pioneer
P  The Kodak       P  The Kodak Camera      P  The Kodak Camera
P The Kodak Camera        P When You Come Back
 

Sound
Charles Wheatstone - 1st microphone, a primitive sound box - 1821
Telegraph
Joseph Henry 1st electric telegraph 1831
phonograph, or speaking machine Edison

Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison and the business of invention  
A List of Thomas Edison's Patents
The Muckers - Edison's
Muckers Charles Batchelor and Harold Anderson
Muckers Frank Dyer, Miller Reese Hutchison, Arthur Kennelly
phonograph, or speaking machine Edison

MORSE CODE
   Samuel Morse - Short biography   Timeline of Samuel Morse
Samuel Morse invents Morse code 1835
Samuel F. B. Morse
Telegraph and Telegraphy  History of
Morse Code and the Phonetic Alphabets
    Marconi - Simple biography

Wireless Telephone/Radio
Nathan Stubblefield

Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell patents the electric telephone 1876
1880 - 50,000 telephone subscibers
Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone  
Alexander G. Bell
Bell's Path to the Telephone - traces the evolution of the telephone. Drawings, technical info
Melvyl Dewey writes the Dewey Decimal System for ordering library books 1876

Thomas Edison patents the phonograph - with a wax cylinder as recording medium 1877

Eadweard Muybridge invents high speed photography - creating first moving pictures that captured motion. 1877

Emile Berliner invents the gramophone - a system of recording which could be used over and over again. 1887

George Eastman patents Kodak roll film camera 1888

Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone or automatic telephone exchange 1889

Guglielmo Marconi improves wireless telegraphy 1894

Food Related Inventions
Norbett Rillieux - Sugar Refining System that revolutionized the making of sugar (1846)
W. Johnson - Egg Beater (1884)
History of Snack and Food
Tasteful Inventions - This may need some sourcing
Soft Drink History
500 Years of American Food
History of Kitchen Appliances
Armor & Swift Begin Meat Packing - 1875 - 1876
Refrigerator Car Gustavus Swift
Chicago & the Meat Packing Industry - 1890
P  Chicago Meat Packing & Stock Yards Map

Medicine/Health Care/Doctoring
Medicine at the Start of the Civil War
Medicine & Health on the Lewis and Clarke Expedition
Civil War Medicine
Civil War Medic
Morphine used in Civil War
Women nurses - Recruited for Civil War service
History of Ether
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams - First Open Heart Surgery (1893)
Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn an MD, 1849
Patent medicines 

Health/Hygiene
The Sewers of Chicago
History of Plumbing
Plumbing in America
White House Plumbing
Stand - Up Bath
C. B. Brooks - Street Sweeper (1896)

Science
Museum of Victorian Science
Lateral Science
  History House: Eugenics Part I: You Can’t Keep a Good Idiot Down 
  History House: Eugenics Part II: License to Breed
 19th Century SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Online 
America's First Statistical Engineer - Census
Science, Technology, & Industry Links
Women in Science & Technology

Vacuum Cleaner Museum
History of the Vacuum Cleaner
The History of the Washing Machine
Inventions for the Home
safety pin
W. Johnson - Egg Beater (1884)

Fabrication/Building
Steel
Henry Bessemer - The Steel Man
Carnegie Begins Steel Production - 1879
Plastic
Plastics Timeline
Museum of Plastic Artifacts - Sandretto Museum
Charles Goodyear invented vulcanization of rubber.

Power
 Mills &Water Power
The History of Mills
Waterpower in Lowell
Products of the Mills |
Mill Power Drives |
Power Looms
Flash Movie of Lowell's Canal Development: 1796-1848
Lowell's Canal System

Textiles
Textile Revolution
Timeline of the Textile Industry
Whole Cloth Textile Industry
    Early Industrialization
    True Colors Dyes, dying
The Textile Revolution
    History of Lowell
Early Industrialization in Lowell, Massachusetts
The Waltham-Lowell System |
Making Textiles |
Lowell Machine Shop
Textile Inventors/Inventions
The Flying Shuttle
The Spinning Jenny
Samuel Compton’s Spinning Mule
Richard Arkright - Established first cotton mills in England
       Biography 
      Another Profile
      Arkwright’s Water Frame
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin - Student Report
Eli Whitney and Mass Production
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts
Steam Powered Textile Inventions
Savery’s steam driven pump
Newcomen’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom

first successful oil pipeline Erie, Pennsylvania in 1861

Baseball
The Baseball Glove Comes to Baseball, 1875
This Day in Baseball History
Boxing
Corbett Knocks Out Sullivan, 1892 - 1st Heavyweight Fight fought with Boxing Gloves
Football
In 1892, Livingstone and Biddle College (now Johnson C. Smith) play the first African American intercollegiate football game

Oil and Mining
Developing the West
Mining and Oil Extraction

Transportation Timeline
Overview
America on the Move
Migration Routes, Roads & Trails
Timeline - The History of Transportation
Transportation Growth Over Time Interactive Map
Transportation Development      Questions to Ponder

 National Road  1827
National Road Milepost
Transportation Infrastructure - 1800 - 1900
Frontier Transportation

John McAdam - Roads -macadam surfaces & importance
19th Century Transportation
  Watt's Steam Revolution
History of the Steam Engine beinning to the present day
Steam: Boats, Trains and Automobiles - improvements to Watt's steam engine & adaptations Britain & U.S.
George Stephenson - Trains - The Rocket.
Gottlieb Daimler -Autos -his internal combustion engine. Another source with a Quicktime movie
P  Steam Carriages for Common Roads - from 19th Century Scientific American about the application of steam power to automobiles.
From Boston to Washington, D.C., 1800

Elevators
1889 First electric elevator installed
Alexander Miles - Elevator (1888)

Food Transportation
Refrigerator Car Gustavus Swift

Mail/Postal Transportation
The Pony Express
Mail by Boat
Mail by Rail

Roads
  John McAdam’s Road

Ships/Steamships/Submarines
First to Sail Around the World Alone, 1895-98
    Robert Fulton
    Fulton's Submarine - drawings and brief page of facts about this invention from
     the American Treasures of the Library of Congress.
    Letter from Robert Fulton to President Washington - Fulton writes to President Washington to suggest canal navigation between Philadelphia and Lake Erie.
Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist - online biography of the inventor of the
    steam engine, by H. W. Dickinson.
Robert Fulton: His Life and Its Results - online biography by Robert H.
Thurston.
Robert Fulton’s Steamboat Engine     Fulton's Submarine  More on Fulton's Sub

Railroads
U.S. Rail Network - 1880
The History of the First Locomotives in America
1832 Matthias Baldwin began building locomotives in Philadelphia
First Railroad B & O
Chesapeake & Ohio
History of Railroad Innovation


Railroads of the West
Railroads of the West
P Central Pacific Maps
P Central Pacific Photos
P Central Pacific Photos - Index

Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Driving the Last Spike
 Completing the Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
TIMELINE: Transcontinental Railroads
History of the Transcontinental Railroad - Readings
Chinese Contribution to the Transcontinental Railroad
horseshoe curve for railroad tracks, designed by J. Edgar Thompson
The Great Train Robbery of 1870, the first train robbery.

Railroads West!

ON THIS DAY: National Railroad Museum
P MAPS: Railroad Collection
MAP: Railways of Southern States During the Civil War

Railroads in the Late 19th Century
P  Anti-Railway Poster
Providence Railway 1830
P Passenger Schedules - Tattered But Interesting - circa 1880's
Train Robbery, 1899

RAILROAD HISTORY
Railroad History
Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Transportation History
Golden Years of Transportation, History, Trivia
Surveying the Land and Building the Railroad

The Great Train Robbery of 1870, the first train robbery.
Train Robbery, 1899
Railroads West!
Robber Barons: Jay Gould, James Fisk, & Daniel Drew
George Pullman - 1894: Pullman Strike, The Pullman Strike, Pullman Strike, THE PULLMAN STRIKE: ITS CAUSES AND EVENTS
1877: Grand Army of Starvation - Railroad Strike
Crash at Crush, Texas -- 1896
National Railroad Museum Home Page
The National Railway Museum of Britain
www.rrhistorical.com
All Aboard! Railroads
Steam Engine Library
Train Gallery
Jerry's Railroad Photo Album - Photo Archive
Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
J. L. Toth Historic Railroads and Railroad Museums List
The American Experience/The Iron Road
KatyRailroad.org / Katy Railroad Historical Society
The Katy Railroad
United Pacific Rail Road-History & Photos
Harvey Girls
A Harvey House Home Page: Hotels, Lunchrooms, Restaurants in the Old West
Fred Harvey Collection Exhibit - Welcome
"Meals by Fred Harvey"
Granville Woods
Elijah McCoy - Automatic Lubrication System for railroads and heavy machinery (1892)
Elija McCoy
Andrew Beard - Automatic Car Coupling Device (1897)

Elevated Trains
P Chicago Map of Elevated Train Lines 1897

Horse Cars/Street Cars/Cable Cars/Trolley Cars
Cable Car Description
Cable Cars in San Francisco - 1871
Street Car Description
Biography of Andrew Hallidie, Cable Car Inventor

Street Cars in North America
First Street Car System New York City 1864 Stephen Dudley Field
Horse Car Description
Trolley Car Description

Ships/Steamboats/Steamships
The Last Masts
History of Steamboats
Steamboats
First Voyage of Fulton's Clermont
 Fulton's First Steamboat Voyage, 1807
Steamboat Museum
Steamboats - Info/links to steamboats old and new
Flatbottom Boats

Wagons, Stagecoaches
Road Through the Wilderness
prairie schooner
Conestoga wagon
Prairie schooner designed to ford streams, negotiate mountain trails
Prairie Schooners
Wagons
The Concord Coach: Picture
STAGE TRAVEL IN AMERICA
THE OVERLAND STAGE
The Overland Trail: The Concord Coach Page
Crossing the Plains, 1865
The Concord Coach/Wagons
Adventures of Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Art Gallery
Western Stagecoach Travel
Stagecoach in America
Riding The Stage, 1861
Stagecoach Pony Express Stage Coach Pony Express Rider
Mule Skinners and Freight Wagons
Stagecoach Drivers Shotgun Guards
Overland Trail
Overland Trail - Lots of Links

Wheelwrights
Abbott Downing Company
Batteaux and 'Battoe Men'
Canoes

Guns, Firemarms, & Ammunition History
Buffalo Hunt, 1846
Samuel Colt
History of the Colt Revolver    revolver,
Samuel Colt and the Revolver
What Is A Revolver?
Colt Breech Loading Revolver
John Moses Browning
History of the Gatling Gun
Fulton's Submarine - The Turtle - War of 1812
balloons for military observation.
Weapons - Civil War
breech loading carbine
repeating carbine
Minie balls,

http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/   library of the steam engine

US00174465  Improvement in Telegraphy (Telephone) Alexander Graham Bell (1876) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00174465__

USD0011023 Statue of Liberty design Auguste Barholdi (1879) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=USD0011023__

US00621195 Navigable balloon Ferdinand Graf Zepplin (1899) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00621195__

US00223898

The Electric Light Bulb Thomas A Edison (1880) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00223898__

 US00002906

Hypodermic Syringe Charles T Sage (1843) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00002906__

 US00031128 Safety Elevator E.G. Otis (1861) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00031128__

US00355139 Dish-Washing Machine Josephine Cochran (1886) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00355139__

US00533244 Alternating Current (electricity) Charles Steinmetz (1895) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00533244__

US00135245 Improvements in brewing beer and ale (Pasteurization) Louis Pasteur (1873) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00135245__

US00000117 Cylinder washing machine (early clothes washer) William Hovey (1837) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00000117__

US00200521  The Phonograph-(speaking machine) Thomas A Edison (1878) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00200521__

One Bright Idea: Thomas Edison's Lightbulb    http://www.thesmokinggun.com/patent/edison1.html

US00006281 The Safety Pin  Walter Hunt (1849) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00006281__

US00088711 Roller skate Isaac Hodgson (1869) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00088711__

US00088583 A Fire Extinguisher William Parker (1869) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00088583__

US00076831  The Lawn Mower S.W. Sears (1868) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00076831__

US00581213 An improved submarine Simon Lake (1897) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00581213__

http://www.thesmokinggun.com/patent/whitney1.html

US00381968 The electromagnetic motor Nikola Tesla (1888) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00381968__

US00403335 The Rotary Steam Engine Joseph H Dow & Herbert H Dow (1889) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00403335__

US00078317 Explosive Compound Alfred Nobel (1868) http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US00078317__

The First Industrial Revolution: Textiles and Steam: 1712-1830

• 1712: The Newcomen steam engine.
• 1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
• 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
• 1769: Richard Arkwright patents the water frame.
  • James Watt patents a series of improvements on the Newcomen engine making it more efficient.
• 1779: Samuel Crompton perfects the spinning mule.
• 1785: Edmund Cartwright patents a power loom.
• 1793: Eli Whitney patenets the cotton gin.
• 1807: Robert Fulton begins steamboat service on the Hudson River.
• 1830: George Stephenson begins rail service between Liverpool and London.

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution: 1830-1875

• 1840: Samuel Cunard begins transatlantic steamship service.
• 1856: Henry Bessemer develops the Bessemer converter.
• 1859: The first commercial oil well is drilled in Pennsylvania.
• 1866: The Siemens brothers improve steelmaking by developing the open hearth furnace.

The Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity and Chemicals: 1875-1905

• 1836: Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph.
• 1866: Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic cable.
• 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
• 1879: Thomas Edison invents the indandescent light bulb.
• 1892: Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.
• 1899: Guglielmo Marconi invents the wireless.
• 1903: The Wright Brothers make the first successful airplane flight.

Lowell Project http://hammer.ne.mediaone.net/lowell/lowell.html

IR in Eng http://www.woodberry.org/acad/hist/irwww/index.html

All of the following 10 bios can be found at: http://www.yahooligans.com/School_Bell/Social_Studies/History/Industrial_Revolution/Biographies/

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